Return Borrowed Books Week Class of 2018 Clip Art

Organized collection of books or other information resources

A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are easily accessible for apply and not merely for display purposes. Information technology is responsible for housing updated information in order to meet the user's needs on a daily ground. A library provides physical (hard copies documents) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a concrete location or a virtual infinite, or both. A library's collection tin include printed materials and other physical resources in many formats such as DVD, CD and Cassette as well as access to information, music or other content held on bibliographic databases.

A library, which may vary widely in size, may be organized for use and maintained past a public body such equally a government; an establishment such equally a school or museum; a corporation; or a private private. In improver to providing materials, libraries besides provide the services of librarians who are trained and experts at finding, selecting, circulating and organizing information and at interpreting data needs, navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a multifariousness of resources.

Library buildings often provide quiet and conducive areas for studying, too as common areas for group report and collaboration, and may provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources; for case: computers and access to the Internet. The library's clientele and therefore the services offered vary depending on its type: users of a public library accept dissimilar needs from those of a special library, for example. Libraries may also be community hubs, where programs are delivered and people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical walls of a building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from abode via the Internet. Hence managing information in an data world has become very like shooting fish in a barrel merely because information tin be provided or beingness accessed virtually by people who are in remote areas and other places abroad from the library.

The services the library offers are variously described as library services, information services, or the combination "library and information services", although different institutions and sources define such terminology differently.

History [edit]

The history of libraries began with the start efforts to organize collections of documents.^[one] The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest class of writing—the dirt tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer, some dating dorsum to 2600 BC. Private or personal libraries made upward of written books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the sixth century, at the very close of the Classical flow, the great libraries of the Mediterranean globe remained those of Constantinople and Alexandria.

The Fatimids (r. 909-1171) also possessed many nifty libraries within their domains. The historian Ibn Abi Tayyi' describes their palace library, which probably contained the largest collection of literature on world at the time, as a "wonder of the world". Throughout history, forth with bloody massacres, the destruction of libraries has been critical for conquerors who wish to destroy every trace of the vanquished customs's recorded retentiveness. A prominent instance of this can be found in the Mongol massacre of the Nizaris at Alamut in 1256 and the torching of their library, "the fame of which," boasts the conqueror Juwayni, "had spread throughout the world".^[two]

The libraries of Timbuktu were established in the fourteenth century and attracted scholars from all over the world.^[3]

Etymology [edit]

The term library is based on the Latin liber for 'volume' or 'certificate', independent in Latin libraria 'collection of books' and librarium 'container for books'. Other modern languages utilize derivations from Aboriginal Greek βιβλιοθήκη ( bibliothēkē ), originally meaning 'volume container', via Latin bibliotheca (cf. French bibliothèque or German Bibliothek ).^[4]

Irresolute roles and content [edit]

Libraries may provide physical or digital access to fabric, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library'southward collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, eastward-books, audiobooks, databases, tabular array games, video games and other formats. Libraries range widely in size, upward to millions of items.^[5]

Libraries oftentimes provide quiet areas for studying, and they too often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries frequently provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources and the Cyberspace. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to—or cannot afford to—purchase an extensive collection themselves, who demand material no individual can reasonably exist expected to take, or who require professional assistance with their research.^[6]

Services offered by a library are variously described equally library services, data services, or the combination "library and information services", although dissimilar institutions and sources define such terminology differently. Organizations or departments are often called by one of these names.^[seven] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ^[eleven] ^[12] ^[13] However, in a world that is not static the roles of the libraries is slowly changing in guild to suit the changing globe, services provided by Libraries has gone an extra mile in supporting research, reference services. Reference services that include Current Awareness Services (CAS), Selective Dissemination Data (SDI) and Telephone Services. Therefore these services creates a conducive environment where library clients accept the privilege to interact with the library staff in order to express their view and Information related needs.^{[ citation needed ]}

Librarians/data specialists [edit]

Libraries are usually staffed past a combination of professionally-trained librarians, paraprofessional staff sometimes chosen library technicians, and support staff. Some topics related to the education of librarians and centrolineal staff include accessibility of the drove, conquering of materials, arrangement and finding tools, the book merchandise, the influence of the physical properties of the different writing materials, language distribution, role in teaching, rates of literacy, budgets, staffing, libraries for specially targeted audiences, architectural merit, patterns of usage, the function of libraries in a nation'due south cultural heritage, and the role of authorities, church or private sponsorship. Since the 1960s, problems of computerization and digitization have arisen.^[1] Librarians are trained to be updated with trending Information in society relevant Information.^[14]

Types [edit]

Poet Laureate Rita Pigeon'south definition of a library at entrance to the Maine Land Library in Augusta, Maine, United States

Many institutions make a stardom between a circulating or lending library, where materials are expected and intended to be loaned to patrons, institutions, or other libraries, and a reference library where material is not lent out. Travelling libraries, such every bit the early horseback libraries of eastern Kentucky^[xv] and bookmobiles, are more often than not of the lending type. Modern libraries are oft a mixture of both, containing a general drove for circulation, and a reference collection which is restricted to the library bounds. Likewise, increasingly, digital collections enable broader admission to material that may not broadcast in print, and enables libraries to aggrandize their collections even without building a larger facility. Lamba (2019) reinforced this idea past observing that "today'due south libraries accept become increasingly multi-disciplinary, collaborative and networked" and that applying Web 2.0 tools to libraries would "not simply connect the users with their community and raise communication but volition also help the librarians to promote their library'due south activities, services, and products to target both their actual and potential users".^[xvi]

Academic libraries [edit]

Academic libraries are generally located on college and university campuses and primarily serve the students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some bookish libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of the general public in whole or in part. Therefore Library Services are extended to the general public at a fee, near bookish libraries create such services in order to mobilize and also to just heighten literacy levels in their own communities. Libraries are known as institutions that enables the improvement of the reading civilization in all parts of the world.

Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in mail-secondary educational institutions, such equally colleges and universities. Their chief functions are to provide support in research, consultancy and resource linkage for students and faculty of the educational institution. Academic libraries house electric current, reliable relevant information resources spread through all the disciplines which serve to assuage the information requirements of students and faculty. However, in cases where not all books are housed Libraries take come with E-resources, where they subscribe for a given establishment they are serving in order to provide backups and also it is non just possible to have all the types of information. furthermore, virtually Libraries collaborate with other Libraries in commutation of books.

Specific course-related resources are normally provided past the library, such equally copies of textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve' (meaning that they are loaned out merely on a short-term basis, usually a affair of hours). Some academic libraries provide resources non usually associated with libraries, such equally the ability to bank check out laptop computers, web cameras, or scientific calculators.

Academic libraries offering workshops and courses outside of formal, graded coursework, which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs.^[17] These workshops may include help with citations, effective search techniques, journal databases, and electronic commendation software. These workshops provide students with skills that can help them accomplish success in their academic careers (and often, in their future occupations), which they may not larn within the classroom.

The bookish library provides a tranquillity study space for students on campus; it may as well provide grouping study space, such as meeting rooms. In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented. The library provides a "gateway" for students and researchers to admission various resources, both impress/concrete and digital.^[18] Academic institutions are subscribing to electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and unremarkably provide computer workstations or computer labs for students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, Internet access, and course- or chore-related software (i.e. discussion processing and spreadsheet software). Some academic libraries accept on new roles, for case, interim as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly inquiry and academic knowledge, such as the collection and curation of digital copies of students' theses and dissertations.^[xix] ^[20] Moreover, academic libraries are increasingly interim every bit publishers on their own on a not-for-profit footing, especially in the form of fully Open Admission institutional publishers.^[21]

Children's libraries [edit]

A children'due south library in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1943

Children's libraries are special collections of books intended for juvenile readers and usually kept in split up rooms of general public libraries.^[22] Some children's libraries have unabridged floors or wings dedicated to them in bigger libraries while smaller ones may take a split up room or area for children. They are an educational bureau seeking to acquaint the young with the globe's literature and to cultivate a beloved for reading. Their work supplements that of the public schools.^[23] ^[24]

Services unremarkably provided by public libraries may include storytelling sessions for infants, toddlers, preschool children, or subsequently-school programs, all with an intention of developing early literacy skills and a love of books. One of the virtually popular programs offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children, families, and adults.^[25]

Another popular reading program for children is PAWS TO READ or similar programs where children can read to certified therapy dogs. Since animals are a calming influence and there is no judgment, children learn confidence and a honey of reading. Many states have these types of programs: parents need simply enquire their librarian to come across if it is bachelor at their local library.^[26]

National libraries [edit]

A national or state library serves as a national repository of information, and has the right of legal eolith, which is a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to deposit a copy of each publication with the library. Different a public library, a national library rarely allows citizens to borrow books. Often, their collections include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis on the repository grapheme.^[27] ^[28] The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the country.

Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their mutual tasks, define and promote common standards, and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. The national libraries of Europe participate in The European Library which is a service of the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).^[29]

Public lending libraries [edit]

A public library provides services to the general public. If the library is part of a countywide library system, citizens with an active library card from around that county tin can use the library branches associated with the library system. A library can serve only their city, nevertheless, if they are not a member of the canton public library organisation. Much of the materials located within a public library are available for borrowing. The library staff decides upon the number of items patrons are immune to borrow, likewise as the details of borrowing time allotted. Typically, libraries issue library cards to community members wishing to borrow books. Often visitors to a city are able to obtain a public library bill of fare.

Many public libraries also serve as customs organizations that provide complimentary services and events to the public, such every bit reading groups and toddler story time. For many communities, the library is a source of connection to a vast world, obtainable knowledge and understanding, and entertainment. Co-ordinate to a report by the Pennsylvania Library Clan, public library services play a major role in fighting rising illiteracy rates amid youths.^[xxx] Public libraries are protected and funded past the public they serve.

As the number of books in libraries have steadily increased since their inception, the need for compact storage and access with acceptable lighting has grown. The stack system involves keeping a library'southward collection of books in a space separate from the reading room. This arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book stacks quickly evolved into a adequately standard form in which the cast iron and steel frameworks supporting the bookshelves also supported the floors, which ofttimes were built of translucent blocks to permit the passage of light (merely were non transparent, for reasons of modesty). The introduction of electrical lighting had a huge touch on how the library operated. The use of glass floors was largely discontinued, though floors were still often composed of metal grating to let air to circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space was needed, a method of moving shelves on tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cutting down on otherwise wasted aisle space.

Library 2.0, a term coined in 2005, is the library'southward response to the claiming of Google and an endeavour to meet the changing needs of users by using spider web ii.0 technology. Some of the aspects of Library ii.0 include, commenting, tagging, bookmarking, discussions, apply of online social networks by libraries, plug-ins, and widgets.^[31] Inspired by spider web two.0, it is an effort to make the library a more user-driven institution.

Despite the importance of public libraries, they are routinely having their budgets cut by state legislature. Funding has dwindled then badly that many public libraries have been forced to cut their hours and release employees.^[32]

Reference libraries [edit]

A reference library does non lend books and other items; instead, they tin merely be read at the library itself. Typically, such libraries are used for research purposes, for example at a academy. Some items at reference libraries may exist historical and even unique. Many lending libraries contain a "reference section", which holds books, such as dictionaries, which are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out.^[33] Such reference sections may be referred to as "reading rooms", which may likewise include newspapers and periodicals.^[34] An example of a reading room is the Hazel H. Ransom Reading Room at the Harry Bribe Center of the Academy of Texas at Austin, which maintains the papers of literary agent Audrey Wood.^[35]

Research libraries [edit]

A enquiry library is a drove of materials on one or more subjects.^[36] A research library supports scholarly or scientific inquiry and will by and large include principal also as secondary sources; it will maintain permanent collections and attempt to provide access to all necessary materials. A enquiry library is most often an academic or national library, but a large special library may have a research library within its special field, and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries. A big university library may be considered a research library; and in North America, such libraries may belong to the Association of Inquiry Libraries.^[37] In the United Kingdom, they may be members of Research Libraries United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (RLUK).^[38]

A research library can be either a reference library, which does non lend its holdings, or a lending library, which does lend all or some of its holdings. Some extremely big or traditional research libraries are entirely reference in this sense, lending none of their materials; most bookish research libraries, at to the lowest degree in the US and the UK, now lend books, just not periodicals or other materials. Many inquiry libraries are fastened to a parental organization and serve only members of that organization. Examples of research libraries include the British Library, the Bodleian Library at Oxford Academy and the New York Public Library Chief Co-operative on 42nd Street in Manhattan, Land Public Scientific Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science.^[39] ^[twoscore]

Digital libraries [edit]

Digital libraries are libraries that house digital resources. They are defined as an organization and not a service that provide access to digital works, have a preservation responsibility to provide time to come access to materials, and provides these items hands and affordably.^[41] The definition of a digital library implies that "a digital library uses a variety of software, networking technologies and standards to facilitate access to digital content and information to a designated user community."^[42] Admission to digital libraries can exist influenced past several factors, either individually or together. The nigh common factors that influence admission are: The library's content, the characteristics and information needs of the target users, the library'southward digital interface, the goals and objectives of the library's organizational construction, and the standards and regulations that govern library use.^[43] Access will depend on the users ability to find and recollect documents that interest them and that they require, which in turn is a preservation question. Digital objects cannot exist preserved passively, they must be curated by digital librarians to ensure the trust and integrity of the digital objects.^[44]

One of the biggest considerations for digital librarians is the need to provide long-term access to their resources; to do this, in that location are 2 issues requiring watchfulness: Media failure and format obsolescence. With media failure, a particular digital item is unusable because of some sort of error or problem. A scratched CD-ROM, for example, volition not brandish its contents correctly, but another, unscratched deejay will non take that problem. Format obsolescence is when a digital format has been superseded by newer technology, then items in the one-time format are unreadable and unusable. Dealing with media failure is a reactive procedure, because something is done only when a trouble presents itself. In contrast, format obsolescence is preparatory, because changes are anticipated and solutions are sought before there is a problem.^[45]

Time to come trends in digital preservation include: Transparent enterprise models for digital preservation, launch of cocky-preserving objects, increased flexibility in digital preservation architectures, clearly defined metrics for comparison preservation tools, and terminology and standards interoperability in real time.^[45]

Special libraries [edit]

Bookshelf at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. The top floor contains 180,000 volumes. Since 1977, all new acquisitions are frozen at −33 °F (−36 °C) to prevent the spread of insects and diseases.

All other libraries fall into the "special library" category. Many private businesses and public organizations, including hospitals, churches, museums, research laboratories, law firms, and many authorities departments and agencies, maintain their own libraries for the employ of their employees in doing specialized inquiry related to their work. Depending on the particular institution, special libraries may or may not be accessible to the full general public or elements thereof. In more specialized institutions such every bit constabulary firms and research laboratories, librarians employed in special libraries are commonly specialists in the institution's field rather than more often than not trained librarians, and oft are not required to take advanced degrees in a specifically library-related field due to the specialized content and clientele of the library.

Special libraries can also include women'southward libraries or LGBTQ libraries, which serve the needs of women and the LGBTQ community. Libraries and the LGBTQ community have an extensive history, and there are currently many libraries, archives, and special collections devoted to preserving and helping the LGBTQ community. Women's libraries, such as the Vancouver Women's Library or the Women'southward Library @LSE are examples of women'southward libraries that offer services to women and girls and focus on women'due south history.

The Long Room of the Trinity College Library in Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of ireland. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library" and is entitled to receive a copy of all books published in the Uk.

Some special libraries, such as governmental law libraries, hospital libraries, and military base of operations libraries commonly are open to public visitors to the establishment in question. Depending on the particular library and the clientele it serves, special libraries may offer services similar to research, reference, public, academic, or children'southward libraries, often with restrictions such equally simply lending books to patients at a hospital or restricting the public from parts of a military drove. Given the highly individual nature of special libraries, visitors to a special library are often advised to check what services and restrictions apply at that item library.

Special libraries are distinguished from special collections, which are branches or parts of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and other special materials, though some special libraries have special collections of their own, typically related to the library's specialized discipline expanse.

For more than data on specific types of special libraries, see law libraries, medical libraries, music libraries, or transportation libraries.

Organization [edit]

Library shelves in Hong Kong, showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in that section

Most libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library nomenclature system, and so that items may be located apace and collections may exist browsed efficiently.^[46] Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where reference materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open up to selected members of the public. Others require patrons to submit a "stack request", which is a request for an assistant to retrieve the textile from the closed stacks: come across List of closed stack libraries (in progress).

Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians.

Apportionment (or Access Services) – Handles user accounts and the loaning/returning and shelving of materials.^[47]
Drove Development – Orders materials and maintains materials budgets.
Reference – Staffs a reference desk answering questions from users (using structured reference interviews), instructing users, and developing library programming. Reference may be farther broken downwardly by user groups or materials; common collections are children'southward literature, young adult literature, and genealogy materials.
Technical Services – Works behind the scenes cataloging and processing new materials and deaccessioning weeded materials.
Stacks Maintenance – Re-shelves materials that have been returned to the library after patron employ and shelves materials that have been processed by Technical Services. Stacks Maintenance also shelf reads the material in the stacks to ensure that it is in the correct library classification order.

Bill of fare used past a user to sign out a book

Basic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, past purchase or otherwise), library classification of acquired materials, preservation of materials (especially rare and fragile archival materials such every bit manuscripts), the deaccessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and developing and administering library computer systems.^[48] More than long-term issues include the planning of the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the evolution and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming). Library materials like books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are managed by Dewey Decimal Classification Theory and modified Dewey Decimal Nomenclature Theory is more practical reliable organization for library materials management.^[49]

The International System for Standardization (ISO) has published several standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46 (TC 46),^[fifty] which is focused on "libraries, documentation and data centers, publishing, archives, records direction, museum documentation, indexing and abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of them:^[51]

ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation—International library statistics
ISO 11620:1998 Data and documentation—Library performance indicators
ISO 11799:2003 Information and documentation—Document storage requirements for archive and library materials
ISO 14416:2003 Data and documentation—Requirements for bounden of books, periodicals, serials, and other paper documents for archive and library employ—Methods and materials
ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and documentation—Performance indicators for electronic library services

Buildings [edit]

Librarians have sometimes complained^[52] that some of the library buildings which have been used to accommodate libraries have been inadequate for the demands made upon them. In general, this status may take resulted from 1 or more of the following causes:

an effort to erect a awe-inspiring building;^{[ vague ]} most of those who commission library buildings are non librarians and their priorities may exist different
to suit it to a type of architecture unsuited to library purposes
the appointment, oftentimes by competition, of an architect unschooled in the requirements of a library
failure to consult with the librarian or with library experts

Much advancement has undoubtedly been made toward cooperation between architect and librarian,^{[ when? ]} and many expert designers have made library buildings their specialty; nevertheless it seems that the ideal type of library is not still realized—the type so adapted to its purpose that it would be immediately recognized as such, as is the case with school buildings.^{[ when? ]} This does not mean that library constructions should conform rigidly to a fixed standard of appearance and organisation, but it does mean that the outside should express as nearly as possible the purpose and functions of the interior.^[53]

Usage [edit]

Until the advent of digital catalogues, card catalogues were the traditional method of organizing the list of resources and their location inside a big library.

Dynix was an early, but long-lasting and popular, digital catalogue.

Some patrons may non know how to fully utilise the library's resource. This can be due to individuals' unease in budgeted a staff member. Means in which a library's content is displayed or accessed may have the most impact on use. An antiquated or impuissant search arrangement, or staff unwilling or untrained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's usefulness. In the public libraries of the Usa, start in the 19th century, these issues drove the emergence of the library educational activity motion, which advocated library user education.^[54] I of the early leaders was John Cotton fiber Dana.^[55] The bones class of library instruction is sometimes known equally data literacy.^[56]

Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections and how to access that information. Before the estimator historic period, this was accomplished by the card catalogue—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled with index cards that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card catalogue ofttimes filled a big room.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The emergence of the Internet, however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as online public access catalogues, OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from whatsoever location with Internet admission.^[57] This style of catalogue maintenance is uniform with new types of libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed libraries, as well as older libraries that take been retrofitted. Large libraries may exist scattered within multiple buildings beyond a town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their resources beyond a series of shelves called bays. Once a user has located a resources within the catalogue, they must then employ navigational guidance to remember the resources physically, a process that may be assisted through signage, maps, GPS systems, or RFID tagging.^{[ citation needed ]}

Finland has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half of Finland'southward population are registered borrowers.^[58] In the U.s.a., public library users accept borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user per twelvemonth from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of full circulation in 2004, accounts for about half of this decline.^[59]

Shift to digital libraries [edit]

In the 21st century, in that location has been increasing use of the Internet to gather and retrieve information. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the style people use concrete libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%.^[threescore] Libraries are trying to keep upward with the digital earth and the new generation of students that are used to having information only one click away. For instance, the Academy of California Library Arrangement saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 and 2001 of 8,377,000 books to three,832,000.^[61]

These facts might be a outcome of the increased availability of e-resources. In 1999–2000, 105 ARL university libraries spent almost $100 one thousand thousand on electronic resources, which is an increment of most $23 1000000 from the previous twelvemonth.^[62] A 2003 report past the Open Eastward-book Forum institute that close to a million e-books had been sold in 2002, generating nearly $8 million in revenue.^[63] Some other example of the shift to digital libraries tin can exist seen in Cushing Academy's determination to manipulate with its library of printed books—more than 20,000 volumes in all—and switch over entirely to digital media resource.^[64]

A 2001 give-and-take newspaper exploring irresolute utilize of libraries reported decreased library usage by undergraduate students, who had become more used to retrieving data from the Cyberspace than a traditional library. Finding information past simply searching the Internet is seen every bit easier and faster than reading an entire book. In a survey conducted by NetLibrary, 93% of undergraduate students said that finding data online made more sense to them than going to the library. Three-quarters said they did not have enough time to become to the library. While the retrieving information from the Internet may be efficient and time-saving than visiting a traditional library, enquiry showed that undergraduates are most likely searching only .03% of the unabridged web.^[65]

In the mid-2000s, Swedish company Distec invented a library book vending machine known as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to people where there is no co-operative, express hours, or high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte BART station in California.^[66]

The Internet [edit]

A library may brand use of the Internet in a number of ways, from creating their own library website to making the contents of its catalogues searchable online. Some specialised search engines such every bit Google Scholar offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such every bit periodical articles and inquiry papers. The Online Calculator Library Center allows anyone to search the earth's largest repository of library records through its WorldCat online database.^[67] Websites such every bit LibraryThing and Amazon provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations of books.^[67] Libraries provide computers and Internet access to allow people to search for information online.^[68] Online data admission is peculiarly attractive to younger library users.^[69] ^[70] ^[71] ^[72]

Digitization of books, particularly those that are out-of-print, in projects such as Google Books provides resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of valuable cloth, some libraries are important partners for search engines such as Google in realizing the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively.^[73] As the prominence of and reliance on the Net has grown, library services have moved the emphasis from mainly providing print resources to providing more computers and more Internet access.^[74] Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of information seeking that may stress convenience over quality,^[75] reducing the priority of information literacy skills.^[76] The potential decline in library usage, particularly reference services,^[77] puts the necessity for these services in dubiousness.

Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the means that they market their services if they are to compete with the Internet and mitigate the risk of losing users.^[78] This includes promoting the information literacy skills grooming considered vital across the library profession.^[76] ^[79] ^[lxxx] Many U.s.a. based enquiry librarians rely on the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy in order to guide students and faculty in inquiry.^[81] Still, marketing of services has to be adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing.^[82]

The privacy attribute of library usage in the Cyberspace historic period is a matter of growing business organisation and advocacy; privacy workshops are run by the Library Freedom Project which teach librarians nearly digital tools (such as the Tor network) to thwart mass surveillance.^[83] ^[84] ^[85]

Associations [edit]

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading international association of library organisations. It is the global voice of the library and data profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to larn from one another.^[86]

Library associations in Asia include the Indian Library Association (ILA),^[87] Indian Association of Special Libraries and Data Centers (IASLIC),^[88] Bengal Library Association (BLA), Kolkata,^[89] Pakistan Library Association,^[ninety] the Pakistan Librarians Welfare Organization,^[91] the Bangladesh Clan of Librarians, Information Scientists and Documentalists, the Library Association of Bangladesh, and the Sri Lanka Library Association (founded 1960).

National associations of the English-speaking world include the American Library Association, the Australian Library and Information Association, the Canadian Library Clan, the Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa, and the Enquiry Libraries Great britain (a consortium of 30 university and other research libraries in the United Kingdom). Library bodies such as CILIP (formerly the Library Association, founded 1877) may advocate the function that libraries and librarians can play in a mod Internet surround, and in the instruction of data literacy skills.^[79] ^[92] The Nigerian Library Association is the recognized group for librarians working in Nigeria. It was established in 1962 in Ibadan.

Public library advancement is back up given to a public library for its financial and philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of budgetary or material donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library, sometimes by advocacy groups such as Friends of Libraries and community members. Originally, library advocacy was centered on the library itself, just current trends testify libraries positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economical value to the community" in means that are not directly related to the checking out of books and other media.^[93]

International protection [edit]

Libraries are considered role of the cultural heritage and are one of the primary objectives in many state and domestic conflicts and are at gamble of destruction and looting. Financing is often carried out by robbing valuable library items. National and international coordination regarding military and civil structures for the protection of libraries is operated by Blue Shield International and UNESCO. From an international perspective, despite the partial dissolution of land structures and very unclear security situations as a outcome of the wars and unrest, robust undertakings to protect libraries are being carried out. The topic is as well the creation of "no-strike lists", in which the coordinates of important cultural monuments such as libraries take been preserved.^[94] ^[95] ^[96] ^[97]

Encounter also [edit]

Chinese Library Nomenclature (CLC)
Controlled vocabulary
Dewey Decimal Classification
Digital reference
Document management system
Federal Depository Library Program
Dark-green library
Information applied science
Integrated library system
Interlibrary loan
International Standard Book Number
Libraries and the LGBTQ community
Libraries in fiction
Library anxiety
Library assessment
Library of Congress Classification
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Library portal
Library Services and Construction Act
Fiddling Free Library
National Library Service for the Bullheaded and Physically Handicapped
Private library
Public library
Public libraries in Northward America
Roving reference
Trends in library usage

Lists of libraries [edit]

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b "The history of libraries". Britannica. May 2020. Archived from the original on iii March 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
^ Virani, Shafique N. (1 April 2007). The Ismailis in the Heart Ages. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311730.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-531173-0. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
^ Singleton, Brent D. (2004). "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". Libraries & Culture. 39 (1): 1–12. doi:x.1353/lac.2004.0019. JSTOR 25549150. S2CID 161645561. Archived from the original on 19 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 19 Jan 2022.
^ Pfeifer, Wolfgang (1989). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. A-Thou. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. p. 166. ISBN3-05-000641-2.
^ Lalrohlui, R (22 January 2021). "Application of Information And Advice Techology in Special Libraries in Aizawl: A Study" (2013). Mizoram University. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via Digital Repository of Mizoram University.
^ Howard, Jennifer (Autumn 2019). "The Complicated Role of the Public LIbrary". Humanities: the Magazine of the National Endowment of the Humanities. Archived from the original on 24 Oct 2021. Retrieved 24 Oct 2021.
^ "Library & Information Service". Plant of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved half-dozen March 2021.
^ "Types of Library and Information Service". Management Decision. 24 (ii): 8–24. one February 1986. doi:x.1108/eb001400. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "A quick guide to services provided by Library & Data Services" (PDF). James Cook Academy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "Reference and Information Service". Rutgers University Libraries. 27 Apr 2000. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ Marshall, Joanne Gard; Sollenberger, Julia; et al. (2013). "The value of library and information services in patient intendance: results of a multisite study". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 101 (1): 38–46. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.101.ane.007. PMC3543128. PMID 23418404.
^ Government of Tasmania (29 January 2021). "COVID Safe Workplace Guidelines: Library and other data services industry" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eight March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "Data and research services principles". National and Land Libraries Commonwealth of australia. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ Norman, Anne E. (2012). "Librarians' Leadership for Lifelong Learning". Public Library Quarterly. 31 (2): 91–140. doi:x.1080/01616846.2012.684577. S2CID 205491612 – via FRANCIS Archive.
^ "The Amazing Story of Kentucky's Horseback Librarians (10 Photos)". Archive Projection. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ Lamba, Manika (2019). "Marketing of academic health libraries 2.0: a case study". Library Direction. 40 (iii/iv): 155–177. doi:ten.1108/LM-03-2018-0013. S2CID 70170037. Archived from the original on 22 Apr 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
^ "St. George Library Workshops". utoronto.ca. nine Baronial 2018. Archived from the original on 24 Feb 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Dowler, Lawrence (1997). Gateways to knowledge: the role of academic libraries in teaching, learning, and enquiry. ISBN 0-262-04159-six
^ "The Function of Academic Libraries in Universal Access to Print and Electronic Resource in the Developing Countries, Chinwe V. Anunobi, Ifeyinwa B. Okoye". Unllib.unl.edu. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ "TSpace". utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ "Library Publishing, or How to Make Use of Your Opportunities". LePublikateur. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on ix August 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^ Lars Aarsgaard, John Dunne, Kathy Eastward, Leikny Haga Indergaard, Susanne Kruger, Ulga Maeots, Rita Schmitt, and Ivanka Stricevic. (2003). "The background text to the Guidelines for Children'southward library services" (PDF). IFLA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Modell, David A. (1920). "Children's Libraries". In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.
^ 50.O., Aina (2004). Library and Computer science Text for Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: 3rd Earth Information Services Ltd. p. 31. ISBN9783283618.
^ Udomisor, I., Udomisor, Due east., & Smith, E. (2013). Management of Communication Crisis in a Library and Its Influence on Productivity. In Information and Noesis Management (Vol. three, No. viii, pp. 13–21)
^ "Paws to read". Archived from the original on two May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ Line, Maurice B.; Line, J. (1979). "Concluding notes". National libraries, Aslib, pp. 317–18
^ Lor, P.J.; Sonnekus, E.A.S. (1997). "Guidelines for Legislation for National Library Services" Archived 13 Baronial 2006 at the Wayback Auto, IFLA. Retrieved on 10 Jan 2009.
^ "About CENL". The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved xv March 2021.
^ Celano, D., & Neumann, S.B. (2001). The role of public libraries in children'south literacy evolution: An evaluation report. Pennsylvania, PA: Pennsylvania Library Clan.
^ Cohen, L.B. (2007). "A Manifesto for our time". American Libraries. 38: 47–49.
^ Jaeger, Paul T.; Bertot, John Ballad; Gorham, Ursula (January 2013). "Wake Up the Nation: Public Libraries, Policy Making, and Political Discourse". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 83 (ane): 61–72. doi:10.1086/668582. JSTOR 10.1086/668582. S2CID 145670348.
^ Ehrenhaft, George; Howard Armstrong, William; Lampe, Grand. Willard (August 2004). Barron's pocket guide to written report tips. Barron'southward Educational Series. p. 263. ISBN978-0-7641-2693-ii. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ Champneys, Amian L. (2007). Public Libraries. Jeremy Mills Publishing. p. 93. ISBN978-1-905217-84-7. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved ane January 2016.
^ "Audrey Wood: An Inventory of Her Drove at the Harry Bribe Humanities Inquiry Heart." Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Automobile www.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
^ Young, Heartsill (1983). ALA Glossary of Library and Data Science. Chicago: American Library Association. p. 188. ISBN978-0-8389-0371-i. OCLC 8907224.
^ "Association of Research Libraries (ARL) :: Member Libraries". arl.org. 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ "RLUK: Research Libraries Great britain". RLUK. Archived from the original on thirteen Jan 2013. Retrieved 9 Jan 2013.
^ "SPSTL SB RAS". www.spsl.nsc.ru. Archived from the original on sixteen February 2022. Retrieved 26 Jan 2017.
^ "Our Story". Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Chowdhury, Yard.Chiliad.; Foo, C. (2012). Digital Libraries and Information Admission: research perspectives. Chicago: Neal-Schuman. pp. 2–3. ISBN978-1-55570-914-3. OCLC 869282690.
^ Chowdhury & Foo (2012), pp. 3–4.
^ Chowdhury & Foo (2012), p. 49.
^ Borgman, Christine L. (2007). Scholarship in the digital historic period: information, infrastructure, and the Internet. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 88. ISBN978-0-262-02619-two. OCLC 181028448.
^ ^a ^b Chowdhury & Foo (2012), p. 211.
^ "Library classification". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 Oct 2017.
^ Morris, V. & Bullard, J. (2009). Circulation Services. In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences (3rd ed.).
^ Stueart, Robert; Moran, Barbara B.; Morner, Claudia J. (2013). Library and information center management (Eighth ed.). Santa Barbara: Libraries Unlimited. ISBN978-one-59884-988-2. OCLC 780481202.
^ Bhattacharjee, Pijush Kanti (2010). "Modified Dewey Decimal Classification Theory for Library Materials Management". International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology. 1 (3): 292–94. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "ISO – Technical committees – TC 46 – Data and documentation". ISO.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
^ "ISO – ISO Standards – TC 46 – Data and documentation". ISO.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
^ Bennett, Scott (Apr 2009). "Libraries and Learning: A History of Paradigm Alter". Portal: Libraries and the Academy. 9 – via ProQuest.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication at present in the public domain:Wiley, Edwin (1920). "Library Compages and Structure". In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.
^ Weiss, S.C. (2003). "The origin of library instruction in the United states of america, 1820–1900". Research Strategies. 19 (3/4): 233–43. doi:ten.1016/j.resstr.2004.11.001.
^ Mattson, K. (2000). "The librarian as secular minister to democracy: The life and ideas of John Cotton Dana". Libraries & Civilisation. 35 (iv): 514–34.
^ Robinson, T.E. (2006). "Information literacy: Adapting to the media historic period". Alki. 22 (1): 10–12.
^ Sloan, B; White, Yard.S.B. (1992). "Online public admission catalogs". Academic and Library Computing. ix (2): nine–13. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000003734.
^ Pantzar, Katja (September 2010). "The humble Number One: Finland". This is Republic of finland. Archived from the original on xiii August 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
^ Statistics on Book Circulation Per User of U.Due south. Public Libraries Since 1856 Archived 28 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine from galbithink.org
^ Applegate, Rachel. "Whose Decline? Which Bookish Libraries are "Deserted" in Terms of Reference Transactions?" Reference & User Services Quarterly; 2nd ser. 48 (2008): 176–89. Print.
^ University of California Library Statistics 1990–91, University-broad Library Planning, University of California Office of the President (July 1991): 12; University of California Library Statistics July 2001, 7, Ucop.edu Archived 2 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 July 2005; University of California Library Statistics July 2004, 7, Ucop.edu Archived 2 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 July 2005.
^ "ARL Libraries Spend Well-nigh $100 1000000 on Electronic Resources," ARL Bimonthly Report 219, Clan of Research Libraries (December 2001) Archived 21 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Striphas, Ted. The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Civilization From Consumerism to Control. New York City: Columbia Academy Press, 2009. Impress.
^ Striphas, Ted. "Books: "An Outdated Technology?" Weblog mail service. The Tardily Age of Print. iv September 2009. Web. 19 November 2009. Thelateageofprint.org Archived 28 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Troll, Denise A. "How and Why are Libraries Changing?" Digital Library Federation. Library Information Technology – Carnegie Mellon, nine Jan 2001. Web. 29 November 2009. Diglib.org Archived xx December 2010 at the Wayback Automobile
^ "Library-a-Go-Become comes to El Cerrito del Norte BART Station | bart.gov". www.bart.gov. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
^ ^a ^b Grossman, West. M. (2009). "Why you tin't find a library volume in your search engine". The Guardian. Archived 14 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: 23 March 2010
^ Mostafa, J (2005). "Seeking Better Web Searches". Scientific American. 292 (2): 51–57. Bibcode:2005SciAm.292b..66M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0205-66. PMID 15715393.
^ Corradini, East. (2006). "Teenagers Analyse their Public Library". New Library Earth; Vol. 107 (1230/1231), pp. 481–98.^{[ permanent dead link ]} Emerald Grouping Publishing Limited. Retrieved 25 February 2010
^ Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2005). Youth Matters. Archived 8 April 2010 at the UK Government Web Archive Accessed: 7 March 2010
^ Nippold, K.A.; Duthie, J.K. & Larsen, J. (2005). "Literacy as a Leisure Activeness: Free-time preferences of Older Children and Immature Adolescents". Language, Spoken language, and Hearing Services in Schools. 36 (two): 93–102. doi:ten.1044/0161-1461(2005/009). PMID 15981705. In: Snowball, C. (2008). "Enticing Teenagers into the Library". Library Review. Emerald Grouping Publishing. 57 (1): 25–35. doi:ten.1108/00242530810845035. hdl:20.500.11937/6057. ^{[ clarification needed ]}
^ Museums, Libraries and Archives, Department of Civilisation, Media and Sport & Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Foundation (June 2006). A Research Study of 14–35-year olds for the Hereafter Development of Public Libraries (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2010. {{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Darnton, R. (2009). "Google & the Futurity of Books". New York Review of Books; 55 (ii). Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: 23 March 2010
^ Garrod, P. (2004). "Public Libraries: the changing face of the public library". Ariadne; Result 39. Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Auto Accessed 26 March 2010
^ Abram, Southward. & Luther, J. (i May 2004). "Born with the Chip: the next generation will greatly impact both library service and the culture within the profession". Library Journal. Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Motorcar Accessed: 26 March 2010
^ ^a ^b Bell, S. (15 May 2005). "Backtalk: don't surrender library values". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
^ Novotny, Eastward. (2002). "Reference service statistics and cess. SPEC kit". Pennsylvania State University. Archived 24 May 2012 at the Wayback Auto Accessed: 16 March 2010
^ Vrana, R., and Barbarian, A. (2007). "Improving visibility of public libraries in the local community: a study of five public libraries in Zagreb, Croatia". New Library World; 108 (9/10), pp. 435–44.
^ ^a ^b CILIP (2010). "An introduction to information literacy". CILIP. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved xiii Apr 2010.
^ Kenney, B. (xv December 2004). "Googlizers vs. Resistors: library leaders fence our human relationship with search engines". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 8 June 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
^ DMUELLER (9 February 2015). "Framework for Information Literacy for College Didactics". Association of College & Inquiry Libraries (ACRL). Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Hood, D. & Henderson, 1000. (2005). "Branding in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Public Library Service". New Library World; 106 (1208/1209), pp. 16–28
^ "SCREW YOU, FEDS! Dozen or more than United states of america libraries line up to run Tor exit nodes". Theregister.co.u.k.. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ "Libraries, Tor, Liberty and Resistance". Library Freedom Project at Kilton Library. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015.
^ Macrina, Alison (2015). "Accidental Technologist: The Tor Browser and Intellectual Liberty in the Digital Age". Reference & User Services Quarterly. 54 (iv). doi:10.5860/rusq.54n4.17. Archived from the original on xxx September 2015.
^ "International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)". ifla.org. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved three March 2012.
^ "Welcome to Indian Library Clan". Ilaindia.net. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ "Welcome to Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers". Iaslic1955.org.in. 3 September 1955. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "Bengal Library Association". Blacal.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ "Pakistan Library Association". Pla.org.pk. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ "Pakistan Librarians Welfare Arrangement". Librarianswelfare.org. Archived from the original on x June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ Rowlands, Ian; Nicholas, David; Williams, Peter; Huntington, Paul; Fieldhouse, Maggie; Gunter, Barrie; Withey, Richard; Jamali, Hamid R.; Dobrowolski, Tom; Tenopir, Carol (2008). "The Google generation: the information behaviour of the researcher of the future". ASLIB Proceedings. sixty (4): 290–310. doi:10.1108/00012530810887953.
^ Miller, Ellen G. (2009). "Difficult Times = A New Brand of Advancement". Georgia Library Quarterly. 46 (ane). Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 Feb 2022.
^ Isabelle-Constance von Opalinski: Schüsse auf die Zivilisation. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung., (German), 20 August 2014.
^ Peter Stone: Monuments Men: protecting cultural heritage in state of war zones. In: Apollo – The International Art Mag. two Februar 2015.
^ Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at State of war: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter. 23.one, Spring 2008.
^ Eden Stiffman: Cultural Preservation in Disasters, State of war Zones. Presents Big Challenges. In: The Chronicle of Philanthropy. 11 May 2015.

External links [edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Libraries

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Library.

Look up library in Wiktionary, the complimentary lexicon.

Libraries at Curlie
LIBweb—Directory of library servers in 146 countries via Www
Centre for the History of the Book, hss.ed.ac.uk
Wikisource. The Free Library
Texts on Wikisource:
- Dana, John Cotton wool (1920). "Libraries, Special, Commercial and Industrial". In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana.
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Library Data". Encyclopedia Americana.
- Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Library Publications". Encyclopedia Americana.
- Walter, Frank K. (1920). "Rural Libraries". Encyclopedia Americana.
- Tedder, Henry Richard; Brown, James Duff (1911). "Libraries". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
- Paton, James Morton; Charles Alexander Nelson; Melvil Dewey; James Hulme Canfield (1905). "Libraries". New International Encyclopedia.
- A Library Primer by John Cotton Dana (1899)
- Champlin, John D. (1879). "Library". The American Cyclopædia.
Libraries: Oft Asked Questions, ibiblio.org
A Library Primer, by John Cotton Dana, 1903, setting out the basics of organizing and running a library. (from Project Gutenberg)

tedescoandook.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library